From out of nowhere

In the UK, our cities have developed and grown organically over the course of centuries, and even the majority of our new towns were not entirely new, instead being centred on historic settlements. But elsewhere in the world - particularly the Middle East and Asia - many significant urban centres have been created from scratch (I hesitate to use the word "planned", as several of them bear little evidence of much forethought when it comes to issues like sustainability). Here are ten that have developed from scratch since 1960.